A Meta-Analysis of Ten Learning Techniques

This article outlines a meta-analysis of the 10 learning techniques identified in Dunlosky et al. (2013a), and is based on 242 studies, 1,619 effects, 169,179 unique participants, with an overall mean 0.56. The most effective are Distributed Practice Testing least (but still relatively high effects) Underlining Summarization. A major limitation was that majority studies were surface or factual outcomes, there caution needed when applying these findings to deeper more relational outcomes. Other important moderators included presence feedback not, near far transfer, effects much greater for lower than higher ability students. It recommended attention be paid when, under what conditions, each technique can used, how they best taught.